Norway’s energy industry is one of the most developed in Europe, defined by a diverse energy mix that consists of significant oil and gas exports, a robust hydroelectricity infrastructure, and pioneering efforts in electrifying its transport sector. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the late 1960s, oil and gas exports have become the foundation of the Norwegian economy. In 2011, Norway was the eighth largest crude oil exporter and the third largest natural gas exporter globally. The country’s gas reserves in the North Sea and vast, potentially exploitable coal reserves under the Norwegian continental shelf cement the country’s position as an energy behemoth. In 2017, Norway ranked third worldwide in natural gas exports, falling behind only Russia and Qatar. Oil and gas exports are critical to Norway’s economic health, accounting for 40% of total export value in 2015. This dependency poses risks, such as the Dutch disease, where an overreliance on a single sector can lead to economic instability. To mitigate this, Norway channels a portion of its oil and gas revenue into the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). This sovereign wealth fund, one of the largest in the world, serves as a financial buffer against oil price fluctuations and supports long-term economic stability. The Norwegian government’s significant share in Equinor, the state-controlled oil company, ensures a steady stream of revenue for the GPFG. Despite its historical reliance on fossil fuels, Norway is at the forefront of renewable energy adoption. The country produces most of its electricity from hydroelectric power, leveraging its abundant water resources to generate clean energy. This commitment to renewables is further reflected in Norway’s ambitious carbon neutrality goal, set for 2030. The government plans to achieve this through a combination of domestic initiatives and the purchase of carbon offsets from other countries.